Mixed or Mixture Models and Saltus models

Rasch models are grounded in the concept of the unidimensional latent variable, i.e., the items defining the latent variable operate in the same way for all members of the target population. Of course, this is a fiction. But reality can often be made to cooperate.

 

But there are occasions when a population is comprised of different classes of persons with the items comprising a different latent variable for each class. The classes are called "Latent Classes".

 

Standard Rasch "latent trait" models can be extended to allow for latent classes. These are called "Mixture Models" (Rost, 1990). The Saltus model (Mark Wilson, 1989) is a mixed model in which segments of items are modeled to shift their difficulties together, and by the same amount, for different latent classes. In these models, the different latent variables are defined by item difficulties, but individual respondents are not assigned to a particular class, but rather the probability that each respondent belongs to each class is reported.

 

In a finite mixture model, the number of classes is decided in advance. For an infinite model, the number of classes is infinite. The actual number of active classes depends on the data. Observed classes have their probability distributions inferred from the data. Unobserved classes keep their Bayesian distributions.

 

Winsteps does not do a mixture or Saltus analysis directly, but it can provide much of the same information, and also can indicate whether a more rigorous latent class analysis is likely to be productive.

 

Here is an approach:

 

Step 1. Identify meaningful potential respondent classes, e.g., male/female, high/low performers. The Winsteps PCA analysis (e.g., Table 24) may help identify potential person classes. and Table 23 may help to identify item classes.

 

Step 2. Mark in the person label the class codes. The Microsoft Word "rectangle copy" function may be useful. High and low performers do not need to be flagged, instead the MA2 function can be used.

 

Step 3. Perform DIF analysis based on the class codes. Items displaying strong DIF may be exhibiting class-related behavior.

 

Step 4. Flag the items by class in the item identification.

 

Step 5. Look for item-classification by person-classification interactions (differential classification-grouped functioning, DGF, Table 33). These would approximate the Saltus findings.

 

Rost, Jürgen. (1990) Rasch Models in Latent Classes: An Integration of Two Approaches to Item Analysis, Applied Psychological Measurement, 14, 271-282

 

Wilson, M. (1989). Saltus: A psychometric model for discontinuity in cognitive development. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 276-289.


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Rasch Books and Publications
Invariant Measurement: Using Rasch Models in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, 2nd Edn, 2024 George Engelhard, Jr. & Jue Wang Applying the Rasch Model (Winsteps, Facets) 4th Ed., Bond, Yan, Heene Advances in Rasch Analyses in the Human Sciences (Winsteps, Facets) 1st Ed., Boone, Staver Advances in Applications of Rasch Measurement in Science Education, X. Liu & W. J. Boone Rasch Analysis in the Human Sciences (Winsteps) Boone, Staver, Yale
Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets), Thomas Eckes Statistical Analyses for Language Testers (Facets), Rita Green Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Rasch Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments (Facets), George Engelhard, Jr. & Stefanie Wind Aplicação do Modelo de Rasch (Português), de Bond, Trevor G., Fox, Christine M Appliquer le modèle de Rasch: Défis et pistes de solution (Winsteps) E. Dionne, S. Béland
Exploring Rating Scale Functioning for Survey Research (R, Facets), Stefanie Wind Rasch Measurement: Applications, Khine Winsteps Tutorials - free
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Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets) - free, J.M. Linacre Fairness, Justice and Language Assessment (Winsteps, Facets), McNamara, Knoch, Fan
Other Rasch-Related Resources: Rasch Measurement YouTube Channel
Rasch Measurement Transactions & Rasch Measurement research papers - free An Introduction to the Rasch Model with Examples in R (eRm, etc.), Debelak, Strobl, Zeigenfuse Rasch Measurement Theory Analysis in R, Wind, Hua Applying the Rasch Model in Social Sciences Using R, Lamprianou El modelo métrico de Rasch: Fundamentación, implementación e interpretación de la medida en ciencias sociales (Spanish Edition), Manuel González-Montesinos M.
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch Rasch Models for Measurement, David Andrich Constructing Measures, Mark Wilson Best Test Design - free, Wright & Stone
Rating Scale Analysis - free, Wright & Masters
Virtual Standard Setting: Setting Cut Scores, Charalambos Kollias Diseño de Mejores Pruebas - free, Spanish Best Test Design A Course in Rasch Measurement Theory, Andrich, Marais Rasch Models in Health, Christensen, Kreiner, Mesba Multivariate and Mixture Distribution Rasch Models, von Davier, Carstensen
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